Alternations of Liquid and Gas Vortices in the Blood

The existence of apparently empty space between and within the spiraling liquid stream can
be explained as space filled with gas or vapor. However, this hypothesis appears absurd
when considering that even small bubbles in the arterial side of circulation can result in
significant embolism. Each 100 cm of arterial blood contains 0.3 ml of free physically
dissolved oxygen, 2.6 ml of carbon dioxide and 1 ml of nitrogen.

The importance of the small amount of dissolved oxygen is recognized only in extreme cases
of anaemia when it becomes a significant alternative source of tissue oxygenation. When
viewed in terms of a highly differentiated distribution of solid, liquid and vapor/gas
components of the composite vortex, this amount of free gas assumes critical importance.
The fact that the gas is elusive in the escaping liquid blood is very much in accord with the
finding that the blood, as individualized liquid and gas vortices, moves with pressure-free
momentum. The vortex in tornadoes is a very stable cohesive configuration with a vacuum
center strongly held together by a centripetal force system. It does not have the physical
properties of amorphous gas under pressure that tends to expand.

To further elucidate our observations, we contrived a model ventricle with a sealed,
inverted cone-shaped, 0.5 liter clear glass flask filled with water. The instrumentation
consisted of installing two tubes within the flask connected to pressure transducers to
record vacuum in the vortex center and the potential pressure impulse in the momentum of
the swirling water. The signal of pressure versus time was displayed on the oscilloscope
screen and also fed to the computer for further analysis. The `ventricle' was operated by
holding it in the hand and giving it a wobble and twist simultaneously to create a vortex. To
enhance visibility, we filled the canister with methylene blue colored water.

Even the most energetic operation resulted in virtually no motion of the water. With some
experimenting we determined that unless the model ventricle had about 1/3 of its volume
as air space, a vortex could not be formed. This led us to reason that the highly organized
gas/rarefied plasma is a necessary component of the blood vortex. This also raises the
question of how the gas and fluid elements can express the life property of locomotion.
The idea of the composite blood cells-plasma-gas vortex is in accord with the `gaps' in the
flow of the embryonic vessels. To evaluate how valid our model ventricle was, we measured
its potential impulse pressure (blood pressure as it is typically measured) in the swirling
water and the vacuum in its center and found them to be in the range of +130 to -180 mm
Hg, respectively. (See Fig. 4.)

Furthermore, we constructed a glass `ventricle' with an attached `aorta' and showed that up
to 50% of the volume of the liquid could be ejected by subjecting it to a rotary-wobbling
impulse, without the inward motion of the `ventricular' wall.

A Well Known Vortex Function
It is well known that the pattern of blood flow through the heart significantly contributes to
heart valve dynamics as has been shown by several studies utilizing contrast
cineradiography and more recently color Doppler imaging. Taylor and Wade 12 confirmed
stable vortex flow patterns behind the cusps of mitral and tricuspid valves visualizing the
fine stream contrast injection. Furthermore, the vortex formation in the aortic sinus has not
only been demonstrated in the model heart, but also visualized with three-directional
magnetic resonance velocity mapping 13. Without the vortex formation in the aortic sinus, it
is conceivable that with the blood rushing out of the left ventricular outflow tract at one to
two meters per second, the coronary arteries would be ill perfused, as is the case in severe
aortic stenosis (narrowing), where high velocity blood flow does not allow for formation of
the normal supravalvular vortices.

Evidence of Momentum Flow in the Adult
Not only is the blood flow well maintained in the embryo before the formation of the valves;
there are reports of adults in whom both infected tricuspid and pulmonary valves were
surgically removed and not replaced by prosthetic valves, without significant problems 14.
Werner et al. 15 using two dimensional echocardiography observed that the mitral and aortic
valves were open during external chest compression and that cardiac chambers were
passive and did not change in size.

The Perpetual Vortex in the Ventricle
The widely used technique of cardiac output measurement using the thermo dilution
method is fraught with significant deviations of individual measurements. This technique is
based on the principle of warm blood mixing with the bolus of cold saline in the ventricle
and detecting the rise in temperature of the resulting mixture in the pulmonary artery. A
final value is obtained by averaging the results of several measurements.
By measuring electrical conductivity at various locations in the left ventricle of a dog, Irisawa
16 was unable to show uniform mixing of saline. The conductivity records showed the
swirling streams of blood of different concentrations of saline within the ventricles during
systole and diastole (the dilation or expansion stage of the heart muscles that allows the
heart cavities to fill with blood), further supporting the concept of the highly organized
vortical patterns inside the chambers of the heart.

Brecher 17 conducted an experiment on a dog that demonstrated a region of continuous
negative pressure in the ventricle by observing the continuous flow of Ringer's solution from
a vessel outside the heart through a cannula positioned in the left ventricle via the atrial
auricle. This further confirms our concept of the persistence of the vortex in the ventricle
with its negative pressure center and positive pressure impulse potential in its swirling
periphery throughout the cardiac cycle. Thus the heart as a minimum functional organ
consists not only of its tissue but also of the perpetual vortex of blood which provides the
perpetual vacuum in its center that probably helps to pull the blood back to the heart from
capillaries and veins. The persistence of the vortex explains the anomaly to engineers of a
supposed pump that retains 40 % of its charge with each ejection; a pump is expected to
eject close to 100 % of its charge. As a pump concept it is absurd; as presented herein it is
ingenious. Pettigrew 2 found three columns of spiraling blood in the left ventricle.

Orbiting Blood Corpuscles
In contrast to the parabolic velocity profile assumed by small particle suspensions in rigid
tubes of small diameter under pressure, the cellular elements in the blood arrange
themselves in a flow pattern in vivo, such that the heavier red blood cells orbit nearest the
center with lighter platelets in more distant orbits surrounded by a sleeve of plasma at the
vessel wall. Such an ordered arrangement of blood particle configuration in a sectional view
of the arteries denies an omnidirectional pressure propulsion mechanism and confirms the
vortex/momenta premise.

One can demonstrate this phenomenon of differentiation by mass in the vortex by allowing
spheres chosen for convenience, same size (3 mm diameter), differently colored for
different weight, to swirl freely in water. It will be seen that the heaviest spheres orbit
nearest the center of rotation. The vortex orbital velocities increase as the orbits approach
the center of rotation. On the contrary, during the time that a force couple is applied to
rotate the vessel, creating a forced vortex, all of the spheres are forced out to the periphery
where the velocities are the greatest as in a centrifuge.

To further confirm the existence of the free vortex velocity pattern in vivo, we probed the
blood flow in the carotid artery by positioning a Doppler transducer at 900 to the wall to
sense the blood's swirling motion and processed the Doppler echoes through a variable
band pass filter looking for frequency (velocity) distribution patterns. We detected echoes
from groupings of particles at 400 to 650 Hz, 650 to 900 Hz and below 200 Hz Dopplershifted
frequencies. These three groupings indicate three separate orbital regions and
velocities. Preliminary observations point to a highly ordered distribution of the blood's
cellular and plasma components.

Also, when moving through larger arteries the red cells are in toroidal shape, with their
mass at the periphery to maximize the moment of inertia, and are assumed to rotate about
their individual axes due to the phenomenon of vorticity (the creation of micro-vortices
between swirling layers in the main vortex moving at different velocities). Thus we can
expect to find that the billions of red cells are actually traveling in their own unique space as
further evidence of the extreme order of the blood motion.